| Subject | Contents |
| Definition | A congenital physical abnormality where the outer genitals do not have the typical appearance of either sex. (See also genetics ) |
| Alternative Names | Genitals - ambiguous |
| Considerations | The genetic sex of a child is determined at conception. The egg cell (ovum) contains a chromosome called the X chromosome. Sperm cells contain either an X chromosome or one called the Y chromosome. These determine the child's genetic sex. Normally an infant will inherit ONE PAIR (one from the mother and one from the father) of these "sex chromosomes " (two chromosomes). Thus, it is the father who "determines" the genetic sex of the child. An infant who inherits the X chromosome from the father is a genetic female (XX pattern) and one who inherits the Y chromosome is a genetic male (XY pattern). The reproductive organs and genitals associated with "female" or "male" arise from the same initial (fetal) tissue. If the process that causes this fetal tissue to become "male" or "female" is disrupted, ambiguous genitalia can develop. Ambiguous genitalia are those in which it is difficult to classify the infant (by physical examination ) as male or female. The extent of the ambiguity varies. In very rare instances, the physical appearance may be fully developed as the opposite of the genetic sex (e.g., a genetic male may have normal female appearance). Typical ambiguous genitalia in genetic females include an enlarged clitoris that has the appearance of a small penis . The urethral opening (where urine comes out) can be anywhere along, above, or below the surface of the clitoris, which may be considered normal or common abnormalities of anatomic urethra placement (such as hypospadias , when the urethra is on the underside of the penis, instead of at the tip). The labia may be fused, resembling a scrotum . The infant may be thought to be a male with undescended testicles ; sometimes a lump of tissue is felt within the fused labia, further making it look like a scrotum with testicles. In a genetic male, findings of ambiguous genitalia include a small penis, less than 2 to 3 centimeters (0.8 to 1.2 inches) that may appear to be an enlarged clitoris (the clitoris of a newborn female is normally somewhat enlarged at birth). The urethral opening may be anywhere along, above, or below the penis; it can be placed as low as on the peritoneum, further making the infant appear to be a female. There may be a small scrotum with any degree of separation, resembling labia. Undescended testicles commonly accompany ambiguous genitalia. Uncertain or mistaken sex is not a physical threat to life, but can create social upheaval for the child and the family. |
| Common Causes | pseudohermaphroditism (when the genitalia are of one sex, but some physical characteristics of the other sex are present) true hermaphrodism (very rare -- both ovarian and testicular tissue is present and the child may have parts of both male and female genitalia) mixed gonadal dysgenesis (where some cells in the body have only a single X chromosome-->female, and some cells in the body have XY chromosomes-->male. This syndrome is variable, and depends on which cells are female, which cells are male, and what percent of each there are) congenital adrenal hyperplasia (several forms, but the most common form causes the genetic female to appear male. Male infants with the most common form appear normal at birth, but may show premature sexual development as early as 6 months of age) -- many states test for this as part of the newborn screen (the blood test your baby has at 24-48 hours of life) chromosomal abnormalities including Klinefelter's syndrome (XXY--male, usually has small testes; causes infertility; may be associated with learning defects or mental retardation; affects 1/500-1/1000 live male births) Turner's syndrome (XO--female; usually does not cause ambiguous genitalia (usually looks female at birth), but may have webbed neck, swelling of the hands and feet and other characteristic physical findings at birth; may not be diagnosed until later in life when sexual maturation does not take place; infertile) maternal ingestion of certain medications (particularly androgenic steroids) -- may make a genetic female look more male lack of production of specific hormones, causing the embryo to develop with a female body type regardless of genetic sex lack of testosterone cellular receptors (so even if the body makes the hormones needed to develop into a physical male, the body is unable to respond to those hormones, and therefore, a female body-type is the result even if the genetic sex is male) |
| Home Care | Because of the potential social and psychological effects of this condition, the decision to raise the child as a male or female should be made early after diagnosis, preferably within the first few days of the infant's life. |
| Call your health care provider if | You are concerned about the appearance of your child's external genitalia. Your baby takes more than 2 weeks to regain his/her birthweight, is vomiting, looks dehydrated (dry inside of mouth, no tears when crying, less than 4 wet diapers per 24 hours, eyes look sunken in), has decreased appetite, has blue spells, or has trouble breathing (these can all be signs of congenital adrenal hyperplasia). (Ambiguous genitalia may be discovered during the first well-baby examination .) |
| What to expect at your health care provider's office | The medical history will be obtained and a physical examination performed. Medical history questions documenting ambiguous genitalia in detail may include: family history (These questions may be asked to help identify inherited chromosomal disorders.) Is there any family history of miscarriage ? Is there any family history of stillbirth ? Is there any family history of early death? Have any family members had infants who died in the first few weeks of life or who had ambiguous genitalia? Is there any family history of any of the disorders that cause ambiguous genitalia (see the Common Causes section)? medications What medications has the mother taken before or during pregnancy (especially steroids)? other What other symptoms or abnormalities are also present? Physical examination may reveal genital structure that is not "typical male" or "typical female", but may be somewhere in between. Diagnostic tests: Genetic testing can determine if the child is a genetic male or female. Often a small sample of cells can be scraped from inside the cheeks (this is called a buccal smear ); examination of these cells is often sufficient to determine the genetic sex of the infant. Chromosomal analysis is a more extensive study of cells that may be needed in more questionable cases. Endoscopy , abdominal X-ray , or similar studies may be needed to determine the presence or absence of internal genital structures (such as undescended testes). Laboratory tests may help determine the functioning of reproductive structures, including tests for 17-ketosteroids . In some cases, laparoscopy , exploratory laparotomy , or biopsy of the gonads may be necessary to confirm disorders associated with ambiguous genitalia. Interventions: Depending on the cause, surgery, hormone replacements, or other treatments are used to treat conditions associated with ambiguous genitalia. Sometimes, the ambiguity is such that a choice must be made whether to raise the child as a male or female (regardless of the genetic pattern). This choice can have tremendous social and psychological impact on the child, so counseling is usually recommended. Note: It is often technically easier to treat (and therefore raise) the child as a female (it is easier for a surgeon to make female genitalia than it is to make male genitalia), so in some cases this is recommended even if the child is genetically a male. However, this is a difficult decision and should be discussed with your family, your doctor, and the surgeon that will be involved. After seeing your health care provider: You may want to add a diagnosis related to ambiguous genitalia to the child's personal medical record. |
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