| Subject | Contents |
| Definition | An endoscope is a device consisting of a flexible tube and an optical system. In endoscopy, this device is introduced through the mouth or anus to view the interior of the body. |
| Alternative Names | |
| How the test is performed | Endoscopes used to look directly at the outside of the uterus, Fallopian tubes, ovaries, appendix, and other abdominal organs have the special name laparoscope (see laparoscopy ). Other endoscopes are inserted through incisions to look at joints ( arthroscopy ), and still others to view the inside of the bladder ( cystoscopy ). Please see the following tests or procedures for more information on how the test will feel, the risks, why the test is performed, and normal and abnormal results:EGD (esophagogastroduodenoscopy)ERCPColonoscopySigmoidoscopy Endoscopic ultrasound Chorionic villus samplingFetal blood testingSmall bowel biopsyCystoscopyLaparoscopyArthroscopyAnoscopy |
| How to prepare for the test | Before an endoscopy of the gastrointestinal tract, the patient should not eat or drink anything the morning of the exam. Before an endoscopy of the lower gastrointestinal tract, the patient will also need to clear the colon of stool with enemas or laxatives. |
| How the test will feel | During an endoscopy, the patient is sedated. With appropriate sedation, the patient should experience little if any discomfort. |
| Why the test is performed | An endoscopy may be performed for a variety of signs and symptoms, including bleeding, pain, difficulty swallowing, and a change in bowel habits. Exams of the colon may also be performed to screen for colon polyps and colon cancer. |
| Normal Values | The examination should reveal the smooth lining of the gastrointestinal tract with no atypical growths or lesions. |
| What abnormal results mean | A wide variety of abnormal findings may occur, and the physician will review them following the exam. |
| What the risks are | The major risks are pain, bleeding, infection, and perforation (or tear) of the intestinal wall. |
| Special considerations | Endoscopies also can be used to perform therapeutic procedures, including treatment of bleeding lesions and removal of colon polyps. |
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